The primary purpose of cooperation focusing on river water is the development of water resources for power generation. In the field of energy, Japan provided $1.25 billion of assistance (9% bilateral). And JapanÍs develop assistance with regard to water for power generation consisted primarily of yen-denominated loans for eight projects and the dispatch of teams to perform six development studies (Table 9-1-1).
Eighty percent of the water the world uses (for domestic, industrial, and agricultural purposes) comes from rivers. Most of the multipurpose dams that Japan has cooperated in developing are for the provision of water for urban and agricultural uses. Japan has also cooperated in performing development studies for water resources development plans for watersheds. In fiscal 1999, it provided a yen-denominated loan to fund one such study and dispatched teams to perform 12 development studies (Table 9-1-2).

Yen-Denominated Loans	India	Dhauliganga Hydroelectric Power Plant Construction Project (II)
	Sri Lanka	Kukule Ganga Hydropower Project
	Pakistan	Ghazi Barotha Hydropower Project (II)
	Vietnam	Ham Thuan / Da Mi Hydropower Project
	Peru	Yuncan Hydroelectric Power Plant Construction Project
	Indonesia	Multipurpose Dam Hydroelectric Power Plants Project
	Indonesia	Upper Chisokan Pump Power Generation Project
	Vietnam	Da Nhim Power System Rehabilitation Project
Development Studies	Bhutan	Feasibility Study on the Development of Punatsanchhu Hydropower Project
	Laos	Feasibility Study on the Nam Ngiep ¬I Hydroelectric Power project
	Nepal	Feasibility Study on the Development of Bheri-Babai Hydroelectric Project (II)
	Vietnam	Feasibility Study on the Dong Nai No.3 and No.4 Combined Hydropower Project in the Middle Reaches of the Dong Nai
	Cameroon	Feasibility Study on the Development of Micro Hydropower Rural Electrification (II)

Yen-Denominated Loans	Sri Lanka	Kalu Ganga Water Supply Project for Greater Colombo
Development Studies	China	Study on Development of Water-resource, Shefu-Dongsheng
	Indonesia	Detailed Design of Flood Control and Water Resources Development Project in Semarang in the Republic of Indonesia
	Thailand	The Study on the Kok-Ing-Nan Water Diversion Project(II)
	Pakistan	Munda Dam Multipurpose Project
	Iran	The Study on Water Management in the Capital Tehran
	Jordan	Study on Water Resources Management Plan
	Morocco	Feasibility Study for Water Resources Development in Rural Area
	Syria	Study on Water Resources Development in the Northwestern and Central Basins (II)
	Ivory Coast	Master Plan Study on Integrated Water Resources Management (II)
	Brazil	Study on Water Resources Development at the State of Sergipe
	Peru	The Study on Integrated Water Resources Development in the Canete River Basin
	Macedonia	Master Plan Study on Integrated Water Resources Development and Management

Grand Assistance	Kenya	Project for Groundwater Development in Rural Districts
	Bolivia	Phase II Project for Development o Groundwater in Rural Areas
Development Studies	Bangladesh	Study on Groundwater Development for Northwestern Areas
	Cambodia	Study on Groundwater Development
	Malaysia	The Study for the sustainable Groundwater Resource and Environmental Management for the Langat Basin
	Vietnam	Study on Groundwater Development in the Northern Part
	Cape Verde	The Study on Groundwater Development for Santiago Island
	C. Africa	Study on Groundwater Development in Bangui City
	Namibia	The Study on the groundwater potential evaluation and management plan in (the Southeast Kalahari) Stampriet (Artesian Basin)

By the end of 1999, desalinization capacity outside of Japan had reached 25.91 million m3/day, with the Near and Middle East accounting for 12.47 million m3/day, or about 48.1% of total capacity. As for methods, evaporation was being used to process 12.83 million m3/day (49.5% of total capacity) and reverse osmosis, to process 11.59 million m3/day (44.7% of total capacity). To promote the introduction of desalinization plants overseas, Japan has provided assistance in the form of feasibility studies for countries considering their use, and technical assistance to plants.

JapanÍs 1999 grants and yen-denominated loans in the field of water supplies and sanitation totaled $794 million (5.8% in bilateral assistance) and went to 15 countries in Asia, Africa, and other parts of the world. About half of this aid was for water supply projects. Additionally, through projects approved in fiscal 1998, aid will be provided to bring safe water supplies to areas with populations totaling 20 million.
In the area of municipal water supplies, yen-denominated loans and grants are being used to construct water purification plants and water supply networks (Table 9-1-4).

Yen-Denominated Loans	India	Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Project
	India	Chennai City Water and Wastewater Construction Project
	Paraguay	Asuncion Metropolitan Area Potable Water Project
	Tunisia	Water Pipeline Construction and Irrigation Project in North Tunisia
	Peru	Lima-Callao Metropolitan Area Water Supply and Sewerage Improvement Project
	Colombia	Aqua Blanca Water and Wastewater Construction Project
	Fiji	Nadi-Lautoka Regional Water Supply Project
	Peru	Regional Water and Wastewater Construction Project
Grants	Vietnam	Hai Duong City Municipal Water System Expansion Plan
	Uganda	Project for Rural Water Supply
	Guinea	Project to Supply Potable Water in the Eastern Part of Conakry
	Guatemala	Rehabilitation of Plants of Treatment of Water
	Nicaragua	Phase 2 Project for Improvement of Water System in Managua City
	Palestine	Phase 1 Northern West Bank Water Supply System Construction Plan
	Hondu	Project for Water Supply in Marginal Areas in Tegucigalpa City
	Mali	Project to Supply Potable Water in the Kati Region
	Morocco	Project for Water Supply in Pre-rif Region
Development Studies	Cambodia	Study on Water Supply System for Siem Reap
	Laos	Study on Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Improvement in North-West Region
	Philippines	Study on Provincial Water Supply, Sewerage and Sanitation Sector Plans for Visayas and Mindanao
	Sri Lanka	Detailed Design Study on the Project for Reduction of No-Revenue Water in the Greater Colombo area
	Tunisia	The Detailed Design Study on the Rural Water Supply Project
	Tanzania	The Study on Water Supply and Sanitation in Lindi and Mtwara
	Honduras	Study on Water Supply System for Tegucigalpa Urban Area

In Southeast Asia and other areas where there are developing countries with rapidly developing economies and societies, the volumes of water used, and wastewater discharged, by factories have become significant social problems.
Therefore, Japan is using its experience with wastewater processing, water usage rationalization, recycling, and other water pollution prevention technologies; gathering information on water pollution in developing countries; and identifying technical needs, all for the purpose of developing, transferring, and disseminating new technologies that meet the needs of developing countries.
Specifically, Japan through cooperative research has developed for Thailand, Indonesia, and Malaysia, an anaerobic treatment system for inexpensively and simply treating the organic substances contained in organic industrial wastewater, which is a source of water pollution. It has also developed industrial wastewater treatment and recycling technology that uses activated charcoal for inexpensively and simply improving the effectiveness of water resource utilization and reducing water pollution in the Philippines.

In the area of agriculture and agricultural village development, JapanÍs contributions to international society began with its joining the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage in 1951 and a deepening of its involvement with this body by dispatching irrigation specialists to Brazil and Cuba, in 1959. As other examples of its contributions in this area, Japan sent irrigation specialists to participate in IndonesiaÍs agricultural and agricultural village development in 1967 and continued its contributions by later sending specialists for long-term assignments, providing project-based technology cooperation, grants, and other types of assistance. Japan continues to provide assistance with irrigation systems designed to improve rice production and with the construction and improvement of irrigation facilities.