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From its international character, the international marine transportation
has been operated under the ''principle of freedom of marine transportation''
and "principle of freedom of navigation/I However, there has been emerging recently
a movement to review the conventional international marine transportation system
upon the requirements of the underdeveloped countries as one of the south and
north problems.
For example, in April 1974, the "Convension on a Code of Conduct for Liner
Conferences'' was adopted which would control the liner operation internationally.
Further, at the United Nations, Third Conference on the Law of the Sea, discussions
have moved from the initial objective of setting the limit of territorial waters
to comprehensive review of the legal system of the sea, and particularly as
one of the problems related to marine transportation, the ''principle of freedom
of navigation'' is being tested from a new point of view as related to expansion
of the jurisdictions of coastal countries.
On the other hand, in the trade activities, works for simplification of
the trade procedures are advanced in a global scale mainly by Economic Commission
for Europe for rationalization of the procedures.
As regards the bilateral marine transportation, the Agreement on Maritime
Transport between the Government of Japan and the Government of the Peoples'
Republic of China was concluded in November 1974. It came into effect in June
1975. Similar talks are also in progress with the United States, the Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics and the Republic of Korea. In the field of air transportation,
our country has presently, that is, as of October 1975, bilateral air agreements
concluded with 31 countries including the Air Transport Agreement between Japan
and the Peoples' Republic of China signed in April 1974.
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