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1) Marine Transport
In international marine transport, the so-called principles of "freedom
of shipping" and the "freedom of navigation" were adopted mainly among develop
ed countries. Recently, however, a movement critical of the two principles has
become stronger mainly among developing countries, and re-examination of the
conventional marine transport system is now underway. In 1974, the "Convert
tion on a Code of Conduct for Liner Conferences" was adopted to restrict the
liner operation on the international basis, and in the Third United Nations
Conference on the Law of the Sea, the principle of freedom of navigation is
being re-examined with a view of determining the width of territorial waters
and the nature of jurisdiction over territorial waters.
2) Air Transport
Japan have concluded agreements between two countries on air transport with
31 countries of the world as of August, 1974, including "Air Transport Agreement
between Japan and People's Republic of China" which was signed in April, 1975.
Japan is now negotiating with the above-mentioned countries for amending these
agreements properly, after carefully considering domestic and overseas situations
such as the demand trend for international air transport, transition of international
situations, congestion of Japanese airports.
Also, in order to participate actively in international measures for preventing
acts which threaten the safety of international air travel such as hijacking,
Japan joined "Convention on Offenses and Certain Other Act Committed on Board
Aircraft", "Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft",
and, in June, 1974, "Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Act against
the Safety of Civil Aviation".
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