タイトル 近江八幡とは

  • 滋賀県
ジャンル:
史跡・城跡 集落・街 年中行事
媒体利用区分:
$SETTINGS_DB.mediaClassificationMap.get($item)
ワード数:
751以上
作成年度:
2022年
地域協議会名:
近江八幡観光物産協会

Introduction to Omihachiman


Omihachiman is a small city in Shiga Prefecture on the southeastern shore of Lake Biwa, around 40 minutes by train from Kyoto. It was established as a castle town in the late sixteenth century and flourished as a commercial hub until the early twentieth century. The atmosphere of this prosperous period is preserved in the compact historic district of the town, where traditional merchants’ residences and storehouses line the streets. Omihachiman is also noted for its twentieth-century architecture through the work of William Merrell Vories (1880–1964), an American-born architect and missionary who lived and worked in the city for the greater part of his life. Local residents take an active role in protecting and celebrating the city’s cultural heritage.


Prosperity through commerce

The city takes its name from Hachiman, the guardian deity of the warrior class. However, although Omihachiman was founded by samurai, it was through the more peaceful pursuit of commerce that the town endured and flourished.


Omihachiman traces its founding to 1585, when Toyotomi Hidetsugu (1568–1595) built a fortress on Hachimanyama, the mountain that rises to the north of the town. Hidetsugu was the nephew of the warlord Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1537–1598). Hideyoshi had been the righthand man of Oda Nobunaga (1534–1582), the most powerful warlord in Japan who had established his base of power at Azuchi, a castle and town in Omi Province (present-day Shiga Prefecture), in 1576. After Nobunaga was killed in 1582, Azuchi was abandoned, and Hideyoshi set out to realize his former lord’s dream of unifying the country.


In 1592, Hideyoshi adopted Hidetsugu as heir to the Toyotomi family and titles. Hideyoshi ordered Hidetsugu to build Hachimanyama Castle as a base of power for the Toyotomi family in Omi. On his uncle’s orders, Hidetsugu also developed the town of Hachiman (now Omihachiman) below the castle and established it as a commercial hub. He invited merchants from nearby Azuchi and elsewhere to live in the town and made it a tax- and toll-free zone that was free from regulation and the influence of trading guilds. He ordered the digging of the Hachimanbori Moat, which served both as protection for the castle and as a canal for transporting goods between the town and other areas via Lake Biwa.


Hidetsugu’s status as heir of the Toyotomi family, however, did not last. In 1593, Hideyoshi had a natural son and his trust in his nephew faded. Two years later, Hidetsugu was disgraced and forced to take his own life, and Hachimanyama Castle was abandoned. The town of Hachiman, however, continued to prosper and became an important center of trade and commerce. This was in large part due to its advantageous geographical location on Lake Biwa and near the Nakasendo, one of the two main roads that connected Kyoto with Edo (now Tokyo). Merchants from Hachiman traveled across the country, initially selling local wares such as mosquito nets, tatami surface matting, and hemp cloth products. They established trading networks in major cities and were flexible in adjusting their practices and inventories to changes in demand, trends, and social circumstances. The wealth they amassed is reflected in the fine houses that stand along Shinmachi and Nagaharacho Streets in the old town. One of these residences, the Former Nishikawa Riemon House on Shinmachi Street, has been converted into a museum displaying the lifestyle and legacy of the Hachiman merchants, who built up a reputation throughout the country for their diligence, honesty, and social contributions.


A man with a mission

In the twentieth century, the values of the Hachiman merchants were carried on by William Merrell Vories, whose public-spiritedness is fondly remembered in Omihachiman. Vories arrived in the city to teach English at a local high school while seeking to preach the message of Christianity, but to fund his missionary activity he expanded into fields such as architecture, publishing, and sale of medicines. He established a number of business enterprises, schools, and medical facilities in the town, building enduring ties with the local people. In 1958, he was made the city’s first honorary citizen, and many of the companies and organizations he founded continue his work to this day. Several buildings designed by Vories are located in the historic district, including the Old Hachiman Post Office, the Western-style residences in Ikedamachi, and Vories Memorial Hall, formerly the home of Vories and his wife and now a museum dedicated to his life and work.


Protecting a legacy

The historic townscape and traditional culture of Omihachiman have endured into the present through the tenacious preservation efforts of local residents. By the mid-twentieth century, the Hachimanbori Moat was no longer being used as a canal and had become dilapidated. The city drew up a plan to fill in the overgrown and foul-smelling waterway, but local volunteers responded by launching a campaign for the moat’s preservation, and spearheaded cleanup activities that continue today. Both banks of the moat are now part of the Omihachiman Important Preservation District for Groups of Traditional Buildings along with Shinmachi and Nagaharacho Streets. When the Old Hachiman Post Office had fallen into disrepair, concerned citizens founded a nonprofit organization to renovate and preserve the building, turning it into a gallery and event space open to the public. Residents have also worked together consistently with the local government to protect the ecosystem of the wetlands north of the city proper, a distinctive landscape of reedbeds and marshes that has played a prominent role in Omihachiman’s history. The wetlands were named Japan’s first Important Cultural Landscape in 2005. Boat tours allow visitors to explore this corner of the Lake Biwa shore.


Possibly the most significant display of Omihachiman’s cultural heritage is the Sagicho Festival in March. Every year, local residents work together to build and decorate elaborate floats, which are paraded through the town over two days. They are then burned as an offering to the city’s guardian deity in a ceremony at Himure Hachimangu Shrine. The festival has been celebrated since the sixteenth century and remains a passionate expression of residents’ pride in their history and traditions.

近江八幡とは


滋賀県近江八幡市は、京都から電車で約40分、琵琶湖の南東に位置する小さな都市である。16世紀後半に城下町として誕生し、20世紀初頭まで商業の中心地として栄えた。当時の面影を残すコンパクトな旧市街には、昔ながらの商家や土蔵が軒を連ねている。また、アメリカ出身の建築家であり宣教師でもあったウィリアム・メレル・ヴォーリズ(1880-1964)が生涯をかけて手がけた20世紀建築や、地域住民が一体となって守り伝えてきた文化遺産も街の見どころである。


商業で栄えた街


近江八幡市は、武家の守護神である八幡からその名を取った。しかし、武士によって築かれた街でありながら、商業という平和的な営みによって繁栄してきた。


近江八幡の起源は、1585年、豊臣秀次(1568–1595)が八幡山に築いた城に遡る。秀次は、武将の豊臣秀吉(1537-1598)の甥であった。秀吉は、1576年に近江国(現在の滋賀県)の安土を本拠地とした、当時日本最強の武将・織田信長(1534-1582)の右腕であった。1582年に信長が殺されると安土城は廃城となり、秀吉はかつての主君の夢であった天下統一を実現するために動き出す。


1592年、秀吉は秀次を豊臣家の跡取りとした。秀吉は秀次に命じて、近江に豊臣家の勢力基盤として八幡山城を築かせた。叔父の命により、城下の八幡町(現在の近江八幡市)も整備し、安土などの商人を住まわせ、商館・「座」などの影響を受けない「楽市楽座」地帯とし、商業の拠点とした。また、八幡堀を掘らせ、城の防御と町と琵琶湖を結ぶ物資輸送の運河の役割を持たせた。


しかし、秀次の豊臣家の世継ぎとしての地位は長くは続かなかった。1593年、秀吉に実子が生まれ、甥への信頼が薄れた。2年後、秀吉は秀次を自害に追い込み、八幡山城は廃城となった。しかし、八幡の町は繁栄を続け、貿易や商業の重要な中心地となった。それは、琵琶湖のほとりに位置し、京都と江戸を結ぶ二大街道の一つである中山道の近くにあったという地の利の良さによるものであった。八幡の商人は、当初は蚊帳や畳表、麻織物などの商品を売って全国を回っていた。そして、主要都市に交易網を築き、需要や流行、社会情勢の変化に応じて柔軟に商売のやり方や在庫を変化させていったのである。その富は、旧市街の新町・永原町界隈の邸宅に反映されている。その一つ、新町通りの旧西川利右衛門家住宅は、勤勉、誠実、社会貢献で全国的な名声を築いた八幡商人の生活と遺産を展示する博物館として整備されている。


奉仕の人生


20世紀、八幡商人の価値観は、ウィリアム・メレル・ヴォーリズによって大切に受け継がれ、その高潔な精神は近江八幡に愛され続けている。ヴォーリズは、キリスト教の布教のため、地元の高校で英語を教えるために来日したが、布教のための資金を得るべく、建築、出版、薬品販売などの分野に進出した。近江八幡に多くの企業や学校、医療施設を設立し、地域住民と永続的な関係を築いた。1958年には近江八幡市初の名誉市民となり、彼が設立した多くの企業や団体が現在もその活動を続けている。旧八幡郵便局、池田町の洋館、ヴォーリズ夫妻の自宅だったヴォーリズ記念館など、旧市街地にはヴォーリズが設計した建物がいくつも残っている。


レガシーを守る


近江八幡の歴史的な街並みや伝統文化は、地域住民の粘り強い努力によって今日まで受け継がれてきた。20世紀半ば、八幡堀は運河として使われなくなり、老朽化した。市は、生い茂り悪臭を放つ堀を埋め立てる計画を発表したが、地元有志が堀の保存運動を展開し、現在も続く清掃活動を始めたのである。堀の両岸は現在、新町通り、永原町通りとともに近江八幡市重要伝統的建造物群保存地区に指定されている。また、旧八幡郵便局が老朽化したとき、市民がNPO法人を立ち上げて改修・保存に務め、現在は建物をギャラリーやイベントスペースとして市民に開放している。また、市街地の北に位置する「水郷」は、近江八幡の歴史上重要な役割を果たしてきたヨシ原のある湿地帯で、住民と行政が一体となって生態系の保全に一貫して取り組んできた。2005年に日本で初めて重要文化的景観に選定されたこの琵琶湖辺りの水郷は、遊覧船でめぐることができる。


近江八幡の文化遺産を最もよく表しているのは、3月の左義長まつりであろう。毎年、地元の人々が協力して精巧な「左義長」を作り、飾り付け、2日間かけて街を練り歩いた後、日牟禮八幡宮で燃やし、町の守り神に奉納する。16世紀から続くこの祭りは、住民の歴史と伝統への誇りを熱く表現している。

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