漆塗り（髹漆）
髹漆とは、日本の伝統工芸において、漆を塗る工程の総称である。旋盤や竹編みなど素地（下地）を整える技法も含まれるが、絵付けや象嵌などの装飾技法とは区別される。
17世紀、藩の間の競争により、各地に漆器の伝統が生まれた。1974年に重要無形文化財に指定された「髹漆」は、漆塗りに関わる独自の道具や技術など豊かな文化を生み出した。
「髹漆」の技法は大きく分けて、木地に直接漆を塗る方法と、素地（下地）をつくり、その上に漆を塗り重ねる方法に分けられる。この2つの方法は、仕上がりの外観だけでなく、出来上がった製品の耐久性や耐熱性などの機能的な特性にも影響を与える。
漆は、難易度の高い素材である。漆は、ウルシオールという成分が空気中の酸素と反応して光沢を出すが、この反応は温度や湿度の変化に弱い。漆は何度も、時には何百回も塗り重ね、その間に十分に硬化させる必要がある。また、多くの技法では、漆を塗る間に研磨する必要がある。濡れた漆に埃やゴミが上塗りを損なわないように注意も必要だ。このように、漆は完成までに数ヶ月または数年かかることもある。
Lacquer Application (Kyūshitsu)
Kyūshitsu is a general term referring to the lacquer application processes used in Japanese traditional crafts. It includes techniques for preparing the substrate (base object), such as lathing or bamboo weaving, but it is distinct from decorative techniques, such as painting or metal inlay.
In the seventeenth century, competition between domains resulted in the development of many distinct regional lacquerware traditions. These produced a rich culture of unique tools and techniques associated with Japanese lacquer application. In recognition of this legacy, kyūshitsu was designated an Important Intangible Cultural Heritage in 1974.
Kyūshitsu techniques can be loosely grouped into two methods: those in which lacquer is applied directly to a substrate, and those in which the substrate is covered with a foundation to which the subsequent layers of lacquer are applied. The two approaches influence not only the appearance of the finished product, but also functional characteristics such as durability and heat resistance.
Lacquer is a challenging medium. Its glossy finish is formed when a component chemical called urushiol reacts with oxygen in the air, but the reaction is vulnerable to fluctuations in temperature and humidity. Lacquer must be applied in multiple—sometimes hundreds—of layers and given sufficient time to harden between each. Many techniques require the lacquer to be polished between applications as well. Meanwhile, wet lacquer must be protected from dust or other particles that may mar the finish. The entire process can take months or even years to complete.
