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【Genkyūen and Rakurakuen Gardens】

Japanese gardens, like many aspects of traditional Japanese culture, were adopted and adapted from Chinese cultural influences. From the sixth to tenth centuries, Japan’s governmental structure was directly modeled after the Tang dynasty (618–907), and those who held high positions within this system often built Chinese-style gardens as a way of further emulating the prestigious culture of the Chinese court. In the centuries thereafter, Japanese gardens were built in a variety of motifs and styles, but the Chinese aesthetic endured as an indicator of wealth and class.

At the beginning of the Edo period (1603–1867), gardens served two purposes: as visual pieces that could be admired from within an attached or nearby tearoom, and as a place stroll, with a series of “views” that could be admired from several fixed points around the garden. Both of these functions were useful when entertaining guests, and stroll gardens (kaiyūshiki teien) became an almost mandatory fixture of the estates and residences of the daimyo. The gardens, which typically centered around a pond or other water feature, often contained miniaturized homages to famous sites and references to Taoist lore. The Genkyūen garden, for example, contains a number of elements drawn from Chinese legends, such as the central island, which represents Hōrai, the legendary Island of the Immortals.

Genkyūen has existed in several forms throughout its centuries of history. The garden is believed to have been originally built in 1677 as part of the residence of Ii Naooki (1656–1717). At the time, the residence was called Keyaki Goten (“Zelkova Palace”), and the garden already had its characteristic central pond. In the early nineteenth century, a portion of the garden was annexed to create a separate garden by the daimyo Ii Naoaki (1794–1850). This annex was called Rakurakuen, written by repeating the Chinese character for “enjoyment,” as a nod to the fact that a visitor could enjoy both inner views of the pond and outer views of the nearby mountains. The “borrowed scenery” of distant mountains (or castles) in a garden—called shakkei—is a common element of Japanese and Chinese gardens.

Beginning in 1997, Genkyūen’s grounds underwent significant restoration on the basis of a painting of the garden that dates back to Rakurakuen’s creation in 1812.

玄宮樂樂園

與眾多日本傳統文化一樣，日本庭園在受到中國文化影響的同時，也不斷地融入日本本土元素。公元6至10世紀，不僅日本政府修建庭園直接以唐朝（618-907）園林為範本，很多政府高官也仿效華麗的中國宮廷文化，打造中式園林。其後的幾個世紀，日本庭園的形式風格得到多樣化發展，但中式美學仍然是財富和階級的標竿。

江戶時代（1603-1867）初期，庭園主要有兩大功能：一是可從府邸或鄰接的茶室裡觀賞風景；二是可漫步於庭園中欣賞不同的景致。兩者皆有娛樂嘉賓的功用，因此對於大多數大名府邸而言，迴遊式庭園不可或缺。這種庭園通常以水池等親水設施為中心，凝縮再現著名的風景名勝。玄宮園中隨處可見中國傳說元素，例如庭園中央有一座小島，寓意長生不老的仙島──蓬萊島，亦體現出道教思想的影響。不僅如此，很多日本大名府邸的庭園也融匯中國詩歌中描繪的人間勝景。

玄宮園歷經幾個世紀，有過各式風格。該園建於1677年，初建成時名為「槻御殿」，園中建有廣大水池，是井伊直興（1656-1717）府邸的一部分。19世紀初，時任藩主的井伊直中（1794-1850）將部分「槻御殿」與其私家庭園合併。擴建後的庭園以疊字名之為「樂樂園」」，寓意「快樂」。無論觀賞園內水池景致，或是眺望園外近山，皆令人感到「樂趣無窮」。庭園採用日本或中國園林建設中皆常見的「借景」手法，欣賞園內景色亦可眺望遠處群山或古城。

1997年，玄宮園參照1812年樂樂園建造時的風景圖進行重建。

如今，玄宮園已成為日本國家指定名勝，遊客可以在鳳翔台品飲抹茶。園內從綠意盎然到紅葉繽紛，再到白雪皚皚，一年四季任何時節皆風光無限。

玄宫乐乐园

与日本众多的传统文化一样，日本庭园在受到中国文化影响的同时，也不断融入了日本本土元素。公元6至10世纪，不仅日本政府所修庭园直接以唐朝（618-907）园林为范本，很多政府高官也仿效华丽的中国宫廷文化，修建中式园林。其后的几个世纪，日本庭园的形式风格得到多样化发展，但中式美学仍然是财富和阶级的标杆。

江户时代（1603-1867）初期，庭园主要有两大功能：一是可从府邸中或接邻而建的茶室里观赏风景；二是可漫步于庭园之中欣赏不同的景致。两者皆有取悦客人的功用，因此对于大多数大名府邸而言，回游式庭园不可或缺。这种庭园通常以水池等亲水设施为中心，凝缩再现著名的风景名胜。中国传说元素在玄宫园中随处可见，庭园中央有一座小岛，寓意长生不老的仙岛――蓬莱岛，这亦体现了道教思想的影响。不仅如此，很多日本大名府邸的庭园中还融汇了中国诗歌中所描绘的人间胜景。

玄宫园历时几个世纪，曾有过各式风格。该园建于1677年，初建成时名为“槻御殿”，园中建有一个巨大水池，当时是井伊直兴（1656-1717）府邸的一部分。19世纪初，时任藩主井伊直中（1794-1850）将“槻御殿”的一部分与其私家庭园合并。扩建后的庭园取叠字名“乐乐园””，寓意“快乐”。无论观赏庭园内水池的景致，还是眺望庭园外的近山，皆令人“快乐””。庭园采用了“借景”的手法，是以观望园内景色亦可包罗远处群山（或古城），这种手法在日本或是中国的园林建设中皆为常见。

1997年，玄宫园参照1812年乐乐园建造时的风景图进行了重建。

如今，玄宫园已成为日本国家指定名胜，游客可以在凤翔台品尝抹茶。园内从绿意盎然到红叶缤纷，再到白雪皑皑，一年四季任何时节皆风光无限。