地域観光資源の 多言語解説文データベース

Building an Earthen Embankment

Matsumoto Castle’s earthen embankments were made from rammed earth (hanchiku), which is formed by compacting layers of dirt. First, the builders constructed a sturdy frame of wooden boards to hold the earth in place. Next, they filled the space between the boards with dozens of layers of earth, some with a higher sand content, some with more clay, and some with gravel. The layers were then tamped down, compacting them into a barrier that is much stronger than one made from soil alone.

The layers of colored strata visible in this cross section show the embankment’s composition. Posts from the wooden framework were found buried on its eastern side.

Diagram of an Earthen Embankment

This figure shows a cross section of the moat, earthen embankment, and plaster wall as they would have appeared during the Edo period (1603–1867). The area beyond the moat (left) was the outlying castle town, where the houses and shops of commoners were located. In the center is the moat, which is bordered on the right by the earthen embankment. The rows of stakes in the water at the embankment’s base deterred attackers from attempting to scale it.

A white plaster wall ran along the top of the embankment, where defenders could gather during an attack. Wooden boards could be laid across the struts on the wall’s inner side to create a platform. Standing on this platform, defenders fire over the wall at enemies attempting to cross the moat.

The flat berm just inside the wall was called the musha-bashiri (literally, “warriors’ run”). It provided room for defenders to position themselves along the wall. The narrow ledge of earth between the outside of the wall and the moat was called the “dog run” (inu-bashiri), because it was just wide enough for a dog.

To the right of the embankment is the castle’s third bailey (sannomaru), the district where higher-ranking samurai lived.

Rows of Wooden Stakes

Several rows of sharpened stakes were driven into the outer base of the embankment below the moat’s waterline. Most of the stakes were made from split logs of pine or chestnut, and their carved points were hardened with fire. Scholars believe these stakes were intended to repel enemies, but they may also have reinforced the earth along the embankment’s base, preventing it from sliding into the moat. Similar stakes have been found at Yonezawa Castle, in Yamagata Prefecture.

構築土壘

松本城的土壘採用版築法建造，由多層不同的泥土夯實築成。首先，用木板搭建一個結實的外框架，以備填土時使用。其次，向框架內逐層填入數十層不同質地的泥土，其中有的含沙量較高，有的粘土含量較多，還有的混入了碎石。最後，用力向下夯實泥土，直至所有土層緊密結合，形成一道堅實的壁壘，其強度遠遠高於使用單一泥土築成的土牆。

不同土層的顏色也不相同，從橫斷面便可以看出土壘的構成。在這段土壘的東側發現了幾根框架木樁。

土壘結構圖解

這是一幅江戶時代（1603-1867）護城河「堀」、土壘和白灰泥圍牆「土塀」的橫截面構造圖。護城河從畫面中央穿過，土壘矗立於護城河右岸。護城河以外（左側）是圍繞城郭發展起來的城下町，平民住宅和商鋪都在這個區域。土壘下面的護城河裡打著一排排木樁，可以防範敵人渡河翻越土壘。

土壘上方還加築了一道白色的灰泥牆「土塀」，城郭被攻時守軍集結於此。只要把木板架設在土塀內側的支柱上，就能迅速搭建起一個供守城士兵立足的防禦平台，並從土塀上方朝試圖渡過護城河的敵人開火。

土塀將土壘的平頂一分為二，內側留出的狹窄通道被稱為「武士走」（武士走廊），為防守軍隊留出了沿圍牆布防的空間。牆外側到護城河之間也有一條狹窄的小道，稱「犬走」（犬走廊），因為它的寬度剛好只夠一條狗通過。

土壘右側是城郭內最周邊的區域「三之丸」，高階武士都居住在這一區域。

木樁屏障

在護城河的水面下，沿著土壘的牆根周邊有幾排削尖的木樁。大多數木樁的材質為松木或栗木樹幹，切面處經火燒防腐處理。研究者認為，這些木樁主要是為了禦敵，可能同時兼具穩固土壘地基的作用，防止地基下的泥土滑入護城河中。在山形縣的米澤城也發現了同樣的木樁構造。

构筑土垒

松本城的土垒采用版筑法建造，由多层不同的泥土夯实筑成。首先，用木板搭建一个结实的外框架，以备填土时使用。其次，向框架内逐层填入数十层不同质地的泥土，其中有的含沙量较高，有的粘土含量较多，还有的混入了碎石。最后，用力向下夯实泥土，直至所有土层紧密结合，形成一道坚实的壁垒，其强度远远高于使用单一泥土筑成的土墙。

不同土层的颜色也不相同，从横断面便可以看出土垒的构成。在这段土垒的东侧发现了数根框架木桩。

土垒结构图解

这是一幅江户时代(1603-1867)护城河“堀”、土垒和白灰泥围墙“土塀”的横截面构造图。护城河以外（左侧）是围绕城郭发展起来的城下町，平民住宅和商铺都在这个区域。护城河从画面中央穿过，土垒矗立于护城河右岸。土垒底部的水面的木桩，用以阻碍想要翻越它的敌人。

土垒上方还设有一道白色的灰泥墙“土塀”，城郭被攻时可在此集结守军防御。只要把木板架设在土塀内侧的支柱上，就能迅速搭建起一个平台供守城士兵立足，并从土塀上方朝试图渡过护城河的敌人开火。

土塀将土垒的平顶一分为二，内侧留出的通道被称为“武士走”（武士走廊），为防守军队留出了沿围墙布防的空间。墙外侧到护城河之间也有一条狭窄的小道，称“犬走”（犬走廊），因为它的宽度刚好只够一条狗通过。

土垒右侧是城郭内最外围的区域“三之丸”，高阶武士都居住在这一区域。

木桩屏障

在护城河的水面下，沿着土垒的墙根外围有几排削尖的木桩。大多数木桩的材质为松木或栗木，切面处经火烧防腐处理。研究者认为，这些木桩主要是为了御敌，可能同时兼具稳固土垒地基的作用，防止地基下的泥土滑入护城河中。在山形县的米泽城也发现了同样的木桩构造。