Title Smelting: Four-Day Indirect Method

  • Shimane
Topic(s):
Historic Sites/Castle Ruins
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App, QR code, etc.
Text Length:
≤250 Words
FY Prepared:
2023
Associated Tourism Board:
tetsu no michi bunkaken suishin kyogikai

製錬: 四日間接法


たたら炉の操業方法には、四日間接法(四日押し、銑押し)と三日直接法(三日押し、鉧押し)の二種類があった。いずれも操業中に炉の内壁が徐々に溶けていくため、工程が始まるたびに新しい炉を築かなければならなかった。


四日間間接法は18世紀から19世紀にかけて主流だった製鉄法である。鉄分とマグネシウムに富み、チタンやその他の不純物を多く含む岩から採取されるアコメと呼ばれる砂鉄を使用した。製錬が進むと、溶けた銑鉄が炉底の穴からにじみ出て回収される。冷却された間接法の銑鉄は回収され、鍛冶場(かじば)に運ばれて精錬された。


間接法の例は、谷炉製鉄所(島根県江津市)の記録に見られる。1889年(明治22年)、1回の操業で18トンのアコメと18トンの木炭を消費し、4.8トンの銑鉄を生産した。砂鉄の27%弱が使用可能な製品に変わり、残りはスラグとなった。この記録から明らかなように、間接法は後に取って代わった三日間直接法ほど効率的ではなかった。

Smelting: Four-Day Indirect Method


There were two different methods of operating a tatara furnace: a three-day “direct” method (mikka-oshi or kera-oshi) and a four-day “indirect” method (yokka-oshi or zuku-oshi). In both cases, the inner walls of the furnace gradually melted during operation, and the furnace had to be rebuilt each time iron was smelted.


The four-day indirect method was the dominant method of iron production during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It used a type of iron sand called akome, which is taken from rock that is rich in iron and magnesium with high levels of titanium and other impurities. As smelting progressed, molten pig iron oozed out through holes in the bottom of the furnace. Once cooled, the pig iron was collected and taken to the ōkajiba forge for refining.


An example of the indirect method can be found in the records of Ataidani Ironworks (Gōtsu, Shimane Prefecture). A single operation of the furnace in 1889 consumed 18 metric tons of akome iron sand and 18 metric tons of charcoal to produce 4.8 metric tons of pig iron. Of the iron sand used, only 27 percent was converted to usable products; the rest became slag. As evidenced by this record, the indirect method was not as efficient as the three-day direct method that later replaced it.

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