地域観光資源の 多言語解説文データベース

The Last Major Arrest: The “Fourth Urakami Crackdown” and the Suppression of Christianity around the Nagasaki Region

Secret Preaching by the Paris Foreign Missions Society

Immediately after the Discovery of the Hidden Christians, the leaders from the Christian communities in Nagasaki, starting with Urakami and extending to the Gotō Islands, visited Ōura Cathedral, taking care not to draw the attention of the Nagasaki magistrate’s office. At the same time, the French missionaries secretly visited the communities to preach. In Urakami, which had a particularly large Hidden Christian population, four secret churches were established: Saint Mary, Saint Joseph, Saint Clara, and Saint Francis Xavier.

The Fourth Urakami Crackdown

In 1867, a succession of burials took place at Seitokuji, the parish temple for the Christians of Urakami, without the involvement of the temple monk. This culminated in the local Hidden Christians revealing their true faith unbidden to the village headman. With the presence of Christians out in the open, spies were sent to investigate and the results relayed to the authorities in Edo.

In June 1867, the 125th Nagasaki magistrate, Tokunaga Iwami no Kami Masayoshi, sent 170 officers who broke into the secret churches and arrested 68 people, including community leaders like Takagi Senemon. Later, more people were arrested and jailed, where they were viciously tortured. This prompted complaints from the consuls general of the Western powers, starting with the Prussian consul. Meanwhile, the French consul general opened direct negotiations with Tokugawa Yoshinobu, the last shogun, and managed to get the Christians released, albeit under strict monitoring.

Large-Scale Repression

The Christians of Urakami were not alone in being treated harshly. In the final days of the shogunate and the early days of the Meiji era (1868–1912), Christian communities in Sotome and the Gotō Islands were persecuted, with anyone arrested likely to be tortured. (The latter case is referred to as the Gotō Crackdown.) Even after the changeover to the Meiji government, there was no modification to the complete prohibition of Christianity. A particularly notorious incident occurred in November 1868, the first year of the Meiji era, on Hisaka, one of the Gotō Islands. Around 200 Christians were crammed into a 20-square-meter space known as rōya no sako and brutally tortured for eight months. Forty-two of them died during their confinement. Upon hearing about this savage repression, the British consul general embarked on a fact-finding mission to the Gotō Islands in 1870.

The “Journey”: An Entire Community Banished

In 1868, Sawa Nobuyoshi, the newly appointed pacification governor-general of the Kyushu district, arrived in Nagasaki with Inoue Kaoru, his staff officer. They launched an investigation into the Urakami Christians and produced a report. Based on this report, the Imperial Council ruled that the Christians of all the Urakami villages should be sent into exile. Kido Takayoshi, an imperial advisor, was dispatched to Nagasaki, where he arranged for 114 key figures to be scattered to the Hagi, Tsuwano, and Fukuyama domains. The persecution of the Urakami Christians shocked the Western powers and eventually developed into a serious diplomatic issue.

Despite energetic protests from Great Britain, France and the United States, 700 men and their families were sent into exile in January 1870. In total, some 3,394 Urakami Christians were banished to 20 domains. In their new locations, they were pressured to convert, tortured, and forced to perform hard labor. Repeated requests from other countries for the government to improve their treatment and send them home were disregarded. This particular crackdown, which lasted around five years, is known as tabi, or “the journey.” Many of the Christians stuck to their beliefs throughout the ordeal. Six hundred and thirteen of them died in exile, meaning only 2,911 were able to return to Urakami.

PICTURE 1

Sketch of Yamazato in Urakami in the last years of the shogunate

PICTURE 2

(left) Portrait of Takagi Senemon

(Private collection)

(right) Floor plan of Saint Joseph’s Church inside Takagi Senemon’s house as drawn by a government spy

(Nagasaki Museum of History and Culture)

One night, the 126th Nagasaki magistrate, Kawazu Izunokami Sukekuni, secretly summoned Takagi Senemon from prison to the great hall of the Tateyama office (on the site of the Nagasaki Museum of History and Culture) and did his best to convert him. Senemon resolutely refused.

(Nagasaki Museum of History and Culture)

PICTURE 3

Jail used for Christians in Kusuhara

(Miiraku Church Museum)

Thirty-three Christians were confined in this house in Fukue, one of the Gotō Islands, in 1868, as part of efforts to repress the Christians.

PICTURE 4

Where Christian exiles were sent in 1868 and 1869

The first number refers to 1868 and the second number refers to 1869. The number in parentheses is the number of deaths.

最後的大舉報：「浦上第四次大規模舉報事件」與長崎各地的吉利支丹鎮壓行動

巴黎外方傳教會的秘密傳教活動

「信徒發現」事件後不久，以浦上村為首的五島列島等長崎各地吉利支丹聚落的領導人，成功躲過長崎奉行所的監視，造訪了大浦天主堂。與此同時，法國傳教士也暗中前往各聚落傳教。特別是在有眾多潛伏吉利支丹居住的浦上村，建起了聖瑪利亞堂、聖若瑟堂、聖塔克拉拉堂，以及聖方濟各·沙勿略堂等四座秘密教堂。

浦上第四次大規模舉報事件

1867年，浦上村相繼發生多起吉利支丹未經檀那寺（布施的寺院）——即聖德寺僧侶之手便私自安葬死者的案例。當地的潛伏吉利支丹最終不得不主動向庄屋（現今的村長）表明自身信仰。隨著吉利支丹尚存的事實昭然若揭，密探便隨之展開調查，並將詳情呈報給江戶當局。

1867年6月，「第125代長崎奉行・石見守」——德永昌親親率170名部下闖入秘密教會，逮捕了以高木仙右衛門為首的68人。之後被捕者持續增加，鋃鐺入獄者遭受嚴刑拷問。針對這一事件，以普魯士為代表的多國領事向奉行所提出嚴正抗議。另一方面，法國大使親自與德川幕府最後一任將軍德川慶喜交涉。最終吉利支丹雖仍處於嚴控之下，卻至少得以釋放。

大規模鎮壓

受到嚴厲處置的並不僅限於浦上村的吉利支丹。幕府末期至明治時代（1868-1912）初期，外海及五島列島等各地吉利支丹社群亦受到打壓，被捕者更慘遭虐待拷問（五島的鎮壓被稱作「五島大規模舉報事件」）。江戶幕府雖被明治政府取代，但全面禁止基督教這一方針仍一如既往。年號改為明治元年的1868年11月，五島列島的久高島發生了一起惡名昭彰的事件。約200名吉利支丹被集中關押在僅20平方公尺的「牢屋之窄」中長達八個月，並受殘忍拷問。幽禁期間，42人不幸身亡。英國大使聽聞這些慘無人道的打壓事件後，於1870年造訪五島，親自調查實情。

「旅程」——全村流放罪

1868年，新上任的九州鎮撫總督——澤宣嘉，與其部下井上馨一同前往長崎。在對浦上吉利支丹的調查告一段落後，他們製作了一份報告書。在以這份報告書為依據而舉行的御前會議（天皇臨席決定重要國策的會議）上，浦上吉利支丹全村被判處流放罪。外派長崎的太政官參議木戶孝允，遂將114名主要人士流放至萩、津和野、福山藩等地。此一處分震驚西洋各國，不久甚至演變成嚴重的外交問題。

即使英國、法國、美國提出了嚴正抗議，1870年1月，依舊有700名男性及其家眷遭致流放。浦上吉利支丹共計3,394名，被流放至20處藩地，並於各地被迫改宗，遭受拷問，充作苦力。儘管各國再三要求明治政府釋放信徒及改善待遇，卻一概被無視。長達五年的苦難時光，於日後被稱作「旅程」。在痛苦不堪的「旅程」中，許多信徒咬牙堅守著信仰。最終613人死於流放地，僅2,911人得以返回浦上。

（圖１）

幕府末期的浦上村山里略圖

（圖２）

（左）高木仙右衛門肖像

（個人收藏）

（右）政府密探所記錄的高木仙右衛門宅邸內之聖若瑟堂平面圖

（長崎歷史文化博物館）

某夜，「第126代長崎奉行・伊豆守」——河津祐邦將入獄中的高木仙右衛門傳喚至立山公所（現今長崎歷史文化博物館所在地）的大廳，勸其改宗，但意志堅定的仙右衛門自始至終斷然拒絕。

（長崎歷史文化博物館）

（圖３）

楠原的吉利支丹牢

（三井樂教會資料館）

1868年的吉利支丹鎮壓行動中，在五島列島的福江島上，有33名吉利支丹被監禁於此。

（圖４）

1868年及1869年，吉利支丹被流放的地點

兩組數字分別為1868年及1869年的流放人數。（ ）內的數字為死亡人數。

最后的大检举：“浦上第四次大规模检举事件”与长崎各地的吉利支丹镇压行动

巴黎外方传教会的秘密传教活动

“信徒发现”事件后不久，以浦上村为首的五岛列岛等长崎各地吉利支丹村落的领导人，成功躲过长崎奉行所的监视，造访了大浦天主堂。与此同时，法国传教士也暗中前往各村落传教。特别是在有众多潜伏吉利支丹居住的浦上村，陆续建起了圣玛利亚堂、圣若瑟堂、圣塔克拉拉堂，以及圣方济各•沙勿略堂等四座秘密教堂。

浦上第四次大规模检举事件

1867年，浦上村相继发生多起吉利支丹未经檀那寺（布施的寺院）——即圣德寺僧侣之手便私自安葬死者的案例。当地的潜伏吉利支丹最终不得不主动向庄屋（现今的村长）表明自身信仰。由于吉利支丹尚存的事实昭然若揭，密探便随之展开调查，并将详情呈报给江户当局。

1867年6月，“第125代长崎奉行・石见守”——德永昌亲亲率170名部下闯入秘密教会，逮捕了以高木仙右卫门为首的68人。之后被捕者持续增加，锒铛入狱者均遭受了严刑拷问。针对这一事件，以普鲁士为代表的多国领事向奉行所提出严正抗议，法国大使甚至亲自出面，与德川幕府最后一任将军德川庆喜交涉。最终吉利支丹虽仍处于严控之下，却至少得以释放。

大规模镇压

受到严厉处置的并不仅限于浦上村的吉利支丹。幕府末期至明治时代（1868-1912）初期，外海及五岛列岛等各地吉利支丹社群亦遭受打压，被捕者更惨遭虐待拷问（五岛的镇压被称作“五岛大规模举报事件”）。江户幕府虽被明治政府取代，但全面禁止基督教这一方针仍一如既往。1868年11月，年号改为明治元年，五岛列岛的久高岛发生了一起恶名昭彰的事件。约200名吉利支丹被密集关押在仅20平方米的“牢屋之窄”中长达八个月，并遭残忍拷问。幽禁期间，42人不幸身亡。英国大使听闻这些惨无人道的打压事件后，于1870年造访五岛，亲自调查实情。

“旅程”——全村流放罪

1868年，新上任的九州镇抚总督——泽宣嘉，与其部下井上馨一同前往长崎。在对浦上吉利支丹的调查告一段落后，他们制作了一份报告书。在以这份报告书为依据而举行的御前会议（天皇临席决定重要国策的会议）上，浦上吉利支丹全村被判处流放罪。外派长崎的太政官参议木户孝允，遂将114名主要人士流放至萩、津和野、福山藩等地。此一处分震惊西洋各国，不久甚至演变成严重的外交问题。

纵使英国、法国、美国提出了严正抗议，1870年1月，仍有700名男性及其家眷遭致流放。共计3,394名浦上吉利支丹被流放至20处藩地，并于各地被迫改宗，遭受拷问，充作苦力。尽管各国再三要求明治政府释放信徒及改善待遇，却一概遭到无视。长达五年的苦难时光，于日后被称作“旅程”。在痛苦不堪的“旅程”中，许多信徒咬牙坚守着信仰。最终共计613人死于流放地，仅2,911人得以返回浦上。

（图１）

幕府末期的浦上村山里略图

（图２）

（左）高木仙右卫门肖像

（个人收藏）

（右）政府密探所记录的高木仙右卫门宅邸内之圣若瑟堂平面图

（长崎历史文化博物馆）

某夜，“第126代长崎奉行・伊豆守”——河津佑邦将入狱中的高木仙右卫门传唤至立山公所（现今长崎历史文化博物馆所在地）的大厅，劝其改宗，但意志坚定的仙右卫门自始至终断然拒绝。

（长崎历史文化博物馆）

（图３）

楠原的吉利支丹牢

（三井乐教会资料馆）

1868年的吉利支丹镇压行动中，在五岛列岛其中的福江岛上，有33名吉利支丹被监禁于此。

（图４）

1868年及1869年，吉利支丹被流放的地点

两组数字分别为1868年及1869年的流放人数。（）内的数字为死亡人数。