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The Nisshinkan School and Rules for Samurai Children

The Aizu samurai were known throughout Japan for their bravery and high moral standards of conduct. The Nisshinkan, a school established in 1803, was the centerpiece of the training system for sons of samurai of the Aizu domain. Nisshinkan was considered the leading educational institution of its type, and even welcomed visits from samurai in other domains who were eager to learn from the Aizu samurai.

The school grounds, which covered around 26,500 square meters, was once located adjacent to Tsuruga Castle. The school was destroyed during the Boshin War (1868–1869) but was faithfully recreated in 1987 on the current site using the original design and scale. The facility is open to visitors, who can learn about the samurai youth through detailed dioramas and exhibitions about student life. Highlights include the martial arts training hall, a pond that served as Japan’s oldest swimming pool, and an observatory where students learned about astronomy.

Boys usually entered the school from ten years old after attending preparatory classes between the ages of six and nine. They progressed through the ranks, graduating in their late teens. Students received an all-round education to prepare them mentally, physically, and spiritually for a life of service to their lord and their community. Core principles of the training, such as respecting others and taking responsibility for one’s actions, are still reflected in Aizu’s educational values today.

High ideals and first-class facilities

As life in Japan became relatively peaceful in the Edo period (1603–1867), leaders grew concerned at a relaxation of manners and behavior. Tanaka Harunaka, the chief advisor of daimyo lord Matsudaira Katanobu (1744–1805), suggested placing greater emphasis on educating the next generation. A wealthy kimono merchant provided most of the money to build Nisshinkan, and members of the community, including officials, scholars, and students, worked side by side during the five-year construction period leading up to the opening in 1803.

The school’s enrollment was between 1,000 and 1,300 students at any one time. The day began at 8 a.m., and the boys studied a wide range of subjects, including reading, calligraphy, ethics, etiquette, religion, astronomy, and even physiology, according to their age and grade. Those who excelled in their studies, along with the eldest sons of families with sufficient wealth, could then move on to the school’s division of higher education.

All students and teachers were provided with a simple but filling lunch. This was the forerunner of the modern kyushoku (school lunch) system, in which a nutritious hot lunch is served at public elementary and junior high schools nationwide. Nisshinkan students practiced swordsmanship, archery, horseback riding, and swimming in the Suiren-Suiba Pond, which was the equivalent of a school pool. Among the practical lessons was how to master a river crossing on horseback while dressed in heavy armor.

The students were also taught how to end their own life with their sword, should the need arise. Nineteen members of the Byakkotai (White Tiger Brigade) who attended Nisshinkan utilized this aspect of their training on Mt. Iimori during the Battle of Aizu in 1868, when they took their own lives rather than face capture by enemy forces.

All students, regardless of age or grade, were required to uphold samurai ideals. These included treating adults and senior students with respect, taking care with one’s appearance and speech, and conducting oneself appropriately at all times in public.

Rules for children of samurai

Before entering Nisshinkan, boys aged 6–9 attended classes in their respective neighborhoods. The children were organized into groups of 10 and were expected to help monitor and regulate each other’s behavior. In preparation for their training at Nisshinkan, they were expected to live according to the “Rules for Samurai Children” (Ju no Okite):

• Obey your elders.

• Bow to your elders.

• Do not lie.

• Do not behave in a cowardly manner.

• Do not bully those weaker than yourself.

• Do not eat on the street.

• Do not talk with women outside the home. (This was to discourage interaction with girls and women other than family members.)

• Above all: Do not do anything you must not do.

If a boy was thought to have broken one of these rules, he was called before his teacher and peers to explain himself. It was then up to the group as a whole to decide the punishment. The harshest punishment was temporary exclusion, which was viewed with great shame in the group-oriented culture of the samurai. This system of rules and self-governance from a young age encouraged the boys to work together and consider the needs of the group as a whole. With the exception of “do not talk with women outside the home,” these core values are still taught to schoolchildren in Aizu-Wakamatsu.

After touring the Nisshinkan facility, visitors can try their hand at some of the activities the boys practiced, including Japanese archery and the tea ceremony, or paint an akabeko (red cow figurine), a traditional local good-luck charm.

日新館和武士子弟行為準則

會津武士因其英勇和高尚的行為道德標準而聞名全日本，而於1803年創立的「日新館」，正是成就這項榮譽不可或缺的條件。這所學校是會津藩武士子弟培訓系統的核心，在當時不僅引領著同類教育機構，還吸引渴望向會津學習的他藩武士來訪。

日新館占地面積約為26,500平方公尺，曾與鶴城毗鄰，但於戊辰戰爭（1868-1869）期間被摧毀。1987年，人們依照原來的設計、等同的比例，在當前位置復原了它，對大眾開放。遊客可以通過詳細的立體布景和學生生活展覽來了解武士的日常。武道場、日本最古老的游泳池和學習天文學的天文台，同樣是不容錯過的看點。

男孩們通常在6～9歲之間參加預備班，然後在10歲時進入學校。他們按等級劃分，15～19歲畢業。學生們接受全面的教育，以達到身心兼修、文武雙全，為服務藩主和會津藩做好準備。尊重他人並為自己的行為負責是學校的基本原則，直至今日仍然反映在會津的教育價值觀中。

崇高的理想和一流的設施

江戶時代（1603-1867），日本的生活變得相對和平，但人們對禮儀和行為規範的懈怠令統治階層開始有所擔心。第五代會津藩主松平容頌（1744-1805）的家老（家臣之首）田中玄宰提議應該更加重視對下一代的教育。一位富裕的和服企業家為建造日新館提供了大部分資金，並在官員、教師和學生等民眾的共同參與下，用了五年時間，於1803年完成了日新館的建設。

武士階級子弟從10歲開始可以入學。在校生通常維持1000～1300名左右。一天的學習從早上8點開始，男孩們根據他們的年齡和年級學習廣泛的科目，包括閱讀、書法、道德、禮儀、宗教、天文學，甚至醫學。學習成績優異的學生可以和富裕家庭的長子一同進入講釋所（大學）繼續學習。

學校為所有學生和老師都提供簡單但足以飽腹的午餐，這是日本首間供餐的學校，也是首開現代學校午餐制度的先河。隨著這個制度的推廣，全國的公立國小和國中都有營養豐富的熱午餐供應。日新館的學生們不僅學習劍術、射箭、馬術，還要於「水練水馬池」（等同於日本最早的學校泳池）裡練習游泳，並在實踐訓練中掌握如何身披重甲騎馬過河。

學生們還被教導如何在必要時用劍結束自己的生命。會津戰爭（1868.6-1868.11）中，19名白虎隊隊員在飯盛山因不願被俘而自盡身亡——他們都是曾受過這種訓練的日新館學生。

無論年齡或年級，所有學生都被要求遵守武士的準則，比如尊重前輩和學長，注意自己的外表和言行，在公共場合始終表現得體等等。

武士子弟的準則——什之掟

在進入日新館之前，6～9歲的男孩在各自地區上學前班。孩子們被分成10人一組（稱為「什」），互相幫助監督和規範彼此的行為。他們的日常生活必須遵循少兒武士行為準則「什之掟」，為以後在日新館的訓練做準備：

·不可忤逆長者言

·不可不向長者行禮

·不可誣妄不實

·不可行卑劣事

·不可欺凌弱小

·不可進食於外

·不可在外與婦人攀談（為阻止與家庭成員以外的女孩或婦人交往）

·結語：不行不可為之事

學生只要被認為違反了其中一條守則，就必須在老師和同學面前作出解釋，然後由整個小組來決定如何處罰。最嚴重的處罰是暫時被開除，這在武士團體文化中被視為極大的恥辱。這些從幼年開始就遵循的準則和自我管理制度，鼓勵男孩們團結合作，尊重他人，始終以團體需求為重。到了今天，除了「不可在外與婦人攀談」之外，其他準則依然作為會津若松的核心價值觀被傳授給當地學生。

在參觀=日新館之後，遊客可以體驗男孩們學習的科目，比如弓道和茶道，也可以參加為會津傳統吉祥物「赤牛」（周身紅色、頭部和頸部會動的紙質傳統吉祥物）上色的活動。

日新馆和武士子弟行为准则

会津武士因其英勇和高尚的行为道德标准而闻名全日本，于1803年创立的“日新馆”是成就这项荣誉不可或缺的条件。这所学校可谓会津藩武士子弟教育系统的核心，在当时不但引领着同类教育机构，还接受渴望向会津学习的他藩武士来访。

日新馆占地面积约为26,500平方米，曾与鹤城毗邻，但在戊辰战争(1868-1869)期间被摧毁。1987年，人们在如今的位置按照原来的设计和规模对它进行了复原，现对公众开放。来访者可以通过详细的立体布景和有关学生生活的展览了解武士的日常。武道场、日本最古老的游泳池和学习天文学的天文台，也是不容错过的看点。

男孩通常在6～9岁之间参加预备班，10岁时进入学校，然后按等级划分进行学习，在15～19岁毕业。学生们接受全面的教育，以身心兼修、文武双全为目标，为日后服务藩主和会津藩做准备。尊重他人并为自己的行为负责是学校的基本原则，直至今日仍然体现在会津的教育价值观中。

崇高的理想和一流的设施

江户时代(1603-1867)，日本的生活变得相对和平，但人们对礼仪和行为规范的懈怠令统治阶级开始担忧。第五代会津藩主松平容颂(1744-1805)的家老（家臣之首）田中玄宰提议应该更加重视对下一代的教育。一位富有的和服商人为建造日新馆提供了大部分资金，官员、教师和学生们齐心协力筹备了五年，1803年，日新馆终于开馆。

武士阶级子弟从10岁开始可以入学，在校生始终保持在1000～1300名。一天的学习从8:00开始，男孩们根据他们的年龄和年级，学习科目极其广泛，包括阅读、书法、道德、礼仪、宗教、天文学，甚至医学。学习成绩优异的学生可以和富裕家庭的长子一同进入“讲释所”（大学）继续学习。

日新馆为所有学生和教师提供简单但足以饱腹的午餐，这便是日本首例学校供餐，也是首开了现代学校午餐制度的先河。之后，日本公立小学和初中也都开始供应营养丰富的热午餐。日新馆的学生们除了学习剑术、射箭、马术外，还要在“水练水马池”（相当于日本最早的学校泳池）里练习游泳，并在实践训练中掌握如何身披重甲骑马过河。

学生们还被教导如何在必要时用剑结束自己的生命。会津战争(1868.6-1868.11)中，19名白虎队队员在饭盛山因不愿被俘而自尽身亡，他们都曾是受过这种训练的日新馆学生。

无论年龄或年级，所有学生都被要求遵守武士的准则，比如尊重大人和学长，注意自己的外表和言行，在公共场合始终表现得体等等。

武士子弟的准则——什之掟

入学前，6～9岁的男孩在各自地区上预备班。孩子们被分成10人一组（称为“什”），互相协助监督和规范彼此的行为。他们的日常生活都必须遵循少儿武士行为准则“什之掟”，为以后在日新馆的训练做准备：

·不可忤逆长者言

·不可不向长者行礼

·不可诬妄不实

·不可行卑劣事

·不可欺凌弱小

·不可进食于外

·不可在外与妇人攀谈（为阻止与家庭成员以外的女孩或妇人交往）

·结语：不行不可为之事

学生只要被认为违反了其中任何一条，就必须在老师和同学面前作出解释，然后由整个小组来决定如何处罚。最严重的处罚是暂时被开除，这在武士团体文化中被视为极大的耻辱。这些从幼年开始就遵循的准则和自我管理制度，鼓励男孩们团结协作，尊重他人，以团体需求为重。直到今天，除了“不可在外与妇人攀谈”之外，其他准则依然作为会津若松的核心价值观被传授于当地学生。

参观日新馆之后，来访者可以体验男孩们学习的科目，比如弓道和茶道，也可以参加为会津传统吉祥物“赤牛”（周身红色、头部和颈部会动的纸质传统吉祥物）上色的活动。