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【Gagaku】

The word gagaku refers broadly to ancient court music and dance that has been performed since the eighth century and is Japan’s oldest musical tradition. Originally introduced from China and the Korean Peninsula, gagaku was mostly performed at events in the imperial court and at temples and shrines. Over centuries of cultural exchange and the gradual evolution of the genre, it has retained the instruments and styles that most strongly resonated with Japanese tastes. Gagaku musicians and dancers of today follow the traditions of the court musicians of the Heian period (794–1185), and throughout history, the genre’s popularity has largely coincided with the power and influence of the court.

The traditional gagaku ensemble includes three wind instruments, two stringed instruments, and three percussion instruments. In a gagaku composition, several instruments play interpretations of the melody at the same time. Adherence to ancient tradition is strong in the art, and contemporary compositions are rare.

Hikone Collection of Gagaku Instruments

The museum collection of gagaku instruments, many of which were gathered by the daimyo Ii Naoaki (1794–1850), can be considered one of the most extensive collections in Japan. It is not uncommon for especially well-crafted gagaku instruments to be given individual names, and the fine bags and boxes used for storing them are often works of art themselves.

Wind Instruments

The three main wind instruments in gagaku are the hichiriki, the shō, and the ryūteki. The hichiriki, a small, nine-holed pipe with a double reed, is one of the main melodic instruments in gagaku.

Originally from China, the shō is a Japanese free-reed musical instrument made up of seventeen slender bamboo pipes, each with its own reed, and is said to resemble a phoenix (ho-o) in both appearance and sound. Like a harmonica, the shō can be played by both inhaling and exhaling.

The seven-holed bamboo ryūteki (dragon flute) is used for playing Chinese-style songs in particular. The sound of the ryūteki is said to resemble the voice of a dragon.

Stringed Instruments

The primary stringed instrument of the gagaku ensemble is the biwa, a short-necked, four-stringed, fretted lute originally from West Asia. It is supported by the sō (or koto), a long, thirteen-stringed zither. Gagaku musicians play both of these instruments using a paddle-shaped plectrum. Generally, the biwa plays an abstract melodic line within the song. The sō adds short, repeated melodic phrases.

Percussion Instruments

The three percussion instruments strengthen each phrase of the melody and anchor the rhythm. The large hanging drum (taiko) of the gagaku ensemble provides the main accents. The kakko, a small, braced drum, and the shōko, a small bronze gong, add to the rhythmic complexity. The kakko also signals tempo changes and announces the end of a piece.

雅樂

雅樂泛指日本古代宮廷音樂和舞蹈，始於8世紀，是日本最古老的傳統音樂。雅樂最初從中國和朝鮮半島傳入日本，主要在宮廷活動中與寺院神社內表演。在數世紀的文化交流以及逐步進化的過程中，其所用樂器和風格逐漸與日本美學產生強烈共鳴。當今的雅樂演奏者和舞者仍然繼承了平安時代（794-1185）宮廷音樂家的傳統。縱觀其發展歷程可知，雅樂的普及全都仰賴宮廷的權力和影響。

傳統的雅樂合奏主要由三種管樂器、兩種絃樂器和三種打擊樂器同時演奏不同的旋律。雅樂演奏大多忠於傳統古譜，很少有現代曲目。

彥根的雅樂樂器藏品

博物館收藏的雅樂樂器中，很多是由藩主井伊直亮（1794-1850）蒐集而來的，堪稱日本屈指可數的收藏家之一。雅樂樂器做工特別精巧，很多樂器都有自己的名字，即便是用於保管樂器的袋子或盒子本身也往往是一件藝術品。

管樂器

雅樂的三種主要管樂器是篳篥、笙和龍笛（橫笛）。篳篥是一種小型雙簧管，上有九孔，是雅樂的主要旋律樂器之一。

笙是一種從中國傳入的自由簧片樂器，由17根細竹管組成，每一根都有自己的簧片，外形和聲音都極像鳳凰，它與口琴類似，吸氣呼氣時都可以發聲。

龍笛是一種竹製七孔笛，特別適合演奏中國風格的樂曲，其音色類似龍吟之聲。

絃樂器

雅樂的絃樂器主要為有琴格的短頸4弦魯特琴，也就是琵琶，由西亞傳入。襯托琵琶的是箏（或者琴），一種13弦的齊特琴。這兩種樂器都不是用手指彈奏，而是使用撥片。一般來說，琵琶負責演奏樂曲中的抽象旋律，箏則在此基礎上添加旋律較短的樂段。

打擊樂器

雅樂的三種打擊樂器用於強調旋律段落，並保持一定節奏。在雅樂合奏中，較大的吊鼓負責演奏主要重音，黃銅小羯鼓和銅製小鉦鼓讓旋律更加複雜，羯鼓還負責提示節奏的變化與宣告樂曲的結束。

雅乐

雅乐，始于8世纪，泛指日本古代宫廷音乐和舞蹈，是日本最古老的传统音乐。雅乐最初从中国和朝鲜半岛传入日本，主要在宫廷活动中及寺院神社内表演。在数世纪的文化交流以及逐步进化的过程中，无论是乐器还是风格，雅乐始终与日本美学精髓相吻合。当今的雅乐演奏者和舞者依旧继承了平安时代（794-1185）宫廷音乐家的传统。纵观其发展历程可知，雅乐的普及与宫廷的权力和影响力密切相关。

传统的雅乐，主要由三种管乐器、两种弦乐器和三种打击乐器同时演奏不同旋律合成。雅乐演奏大多为传统古谱，很少有现代曲目。

彦根的雅乐乐器藏品

博物馆收藏的众多雅乐乐器，均由藩主井伊直亮（1794-1850）收集。井伊直亮堪称日本屈指可数的收藏家之一。雅乐乐器做工特别精巧，很多乐器都有自己的名字。即便是用于保管乐器的袋子或盒子，也往往是一件艺术品。

管乐器

雅乐的三种主要管乐器是筚篥、笙和龙笛（横笛）。筚篥是一种小型双簧管，上有九孔，是主旋乐器之一。

笙是一种从中国传入的自由簧片乐器，它由17根细竹管组成，每一根都有自己的簧片，外形和声音都极像凤凰。笙的演奏方法与口琴相似，吸气和呼气时都可以发出声音。

龙笛是一种竹制七孔笛，尤其适合演奏中国风格的乐曲，其音色犹如龙吟。

弦乐器

雅乐的弦乐器主要是琵琶，一种带琴格的短颈4弦鲁特琴，由西亚传入。与琵琶相呼应的是筝（或者琴），一种13弦的长扁琴。这两种乐器都不用手指弹奏，而是使用琴拨。通常，琵琶负责演奏乐曲中的抽象性旋律，筝则在此基础上添加旋律较短的乐段。

打击乐器

雅乐的三种打击乐器用于强调旋律段落和保持音乐节奏。在雅乐合奏中，较大的吊鼓负责演奏主要重音，黄铜小羯鼓和小铜钲鼓，用于增加旋律的复杂性。羯鼓还负责提示节奏的变化和宣告乐曲的结束。