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Welcome to the Former Kaichi School Building

The Former Kaichi School Building is a characteristic example of the pseudo–Western style architecture that was popular during the 1870s. The building now serves as a museum, but it was originally one of the first public elementary schools in Japan. In 2019, the Former Kaichi School Building was the first modern-era school building to be designated a National Treasure.

Origins of the Kaichi School

Following the Meiji Restoration in 1868, Japan abandoned its closed-border policy after nearly 250 years of isolation. The government introduced concepts and technologies from the West as part of a modernization movement under the slogan “civilization and enlightenment” (bunmei kaika). This Western influence changed daily life considerably: a constitution was ratified, a public education system was established, and horse-drawn carriages, cameras, and Western clothing all became commonplace in the span of just a few years.

As part of these social reforms, the Chikuma Prefectural School was founded in 1872 and renamed the Kaichi School the following year. Classes were originally held on the former grounds of a Buddhist temple on the bank of the Metoba River. However, residents were eager to build a school building that would match the new, modern curriculum.

At that time, the national government had very little funding available for new educational infrastructure, and the funds for the new building had to be raised locally. Seventy percent of the costs were covered by donations, and the remaining 30 percent was raised through alternative means, such as dismantling defunct temple buildings and selling off the lumber.

Tateishi Seijū (1829–1894) and Giyōfū Architecture

Matsumoto-born master carpenter Tateishi Seijū was chosen to design the new Kaichi School building. He was known for both his skill as an artisan and his strong desire to learn more about Western architecture.

Before construction began, Tateishi made trips to Tokyo and Yokohama to study the latest Western-style buildings. The museum in the Former Kaichi School Building has collected more than 200 of Tateishi’s notebooks, which he filled with sketches, blueprints, and commentary on what he saw during his travels.

The Kaichi School’s pseudo-Western (giyōfū) architecture was considered the cutting edge of design in the 1870s. With the opening of the country, photographs and illustrations of buildings in the West had begun to enter Japan, but technical knowledge of their actual construction methods was still limited. Carpenters who had been trained only in traditional woodworking nonetheless imitated the appearance of these buildings using the techniques that were familiar to them.

The resulting architecture is a curious blend of Western and Japanese elements, and this idiosyncratic style can be seen at the Former Kaichi School Building. The façade was designed to resemble stone or brick but is actually wood and stucco. Similarly, the main entrance is decorated with an unusual combination of a dragon and two cherubs.

After completing the Former Kaichi School Building, Tateishi oversaw the construction of many other civic facilities in the area, such as the Former Matsumoto Courthouse, which once stood in the second bailey of Matsumoto Castle.

Education in the Meiji Era (1868–1912)

The educational system underwent various reforms during the late nineteenth century. Education during the Edo period (1603–1867) consisted mainly of reading, writing, and arithmetic. These basic skills were taught through the study of Confucian texts and other classical writing from China. The new Meiji-era system was instead modeled on educational programs in Western countries, and it emphasized the study of technology and the sciences alongside literacy and math. The Kaichi School was the only school in the prefecture to also include “English language and culture” (eigaku) as one of its core subjects.

The Kaichi School opened to an enrollment of 1,051 students. Although the school enrollment ratio in the 1870s was only around 30 percent of eligible children nationwide, enrollment at the Kaichi School was closer to 60 percent. The prefectural governor (gonrei) at the time, Nagayama Moriteru (1826–1902), was an ardent supporter of education, and it seems his enthusiasm was shared by the residents of Matsumoto. The Kaichi School soon had to establish branch locations to accommodate the growing number of students. However, the students at all locations were part of the same “Kaichi School,” with the same curriculum, school rules, and motto. The motto for the boys’ division was “Devotion, Equity, Fortitude” (ai sei gō).

From School to Museum

The Kaichi School continued to operate as an elementary school until 1963. However, repeated flooding of the Metoba River had damaged the building, so it was decided that a new one should be constructed. The old building was designated an Important Cultural Property in 1961 and was moved to its current site in 1964. The Former Kaichi School Building now serves as a museum dedicated to the modern history of education in Japan and includes displays of textbooks and classroom equipment.

Timeline

歡迎來到舊開智學校校舍

舊開智學校校舍是典型的「擬洋風」建築，這種建築風格曾風行於1870年代。當年舊開智學校是日本最早的公立小學之一，現在其校舍則作為博物館對外開放。2019年，舊開智學校校舍成為進入明治時代（1868-1912）以後的第一座、也是唯一一座被指定為國寶的近代學校建築。

開智學校的創立

1868年明治維新之後，日本摒棄了持續近250年的閉關鎖國政策。作為「文明開化」旗號下現代化運動的一部分，政府開始引進西方的概念與科技。短短幾年內，國家便制定並通過了憲法，建立了公共教育體系，來自西方的影響極大地改變了日本社會的日常生活，馬車、照相機和洋裝隨處可見。

就在這種種社會變革之中，「築摩縣學」於1872年創立，次年改名「開智學校」。學校原本在女鳥羽川岸邊一座廢寺內授課，然而，當地居民渴望建造一所符合全新現代教學內容的新校舍。

當時，中央政府對於新建教育設施的經費相當拮据，建校資金只能由各地自行籌措。最終，本地居民捐款籌措起了新校舍70%的建造費用，另外30%則通過售賣從附近廢寺裡拆下的木材等其他方式籌集而成。

立石清重與擬洋風建築

開智學校新校舍的設計任務落到了立石清重（1829-1894）肩上。這位出生於松本市的木工大師不僅工匠技藝高超，對於西方建築的求知慾也十分強烈。

動工之前，立石清重多次前往東京和橫濱，研習當時最新建成的西式建築。如今設在舊開智學校校舍中的博物館裡藏有200餘冊立石清重的筆記，其中記滿了他繪製的旅行途中所見建築的草圖、圖紙和分析心得。

在1870年代，開智學校的擬洋風校舍被視為開先河之作。打開國門後，西方的建築照片與圖稿開始傳入日本，儘管實際建築技術知識依舊匱乏，但受過傳統木工工藝訓練的日本工匠們還是設法活用熟悉的技藝，努力仿造西方建築的外觀。

這樣的建築成為西方元素與日本技法的奇妙結合體，而這種獨特的風格也體現在了舊開智學校校舍的建築上。校舍正牆看似磚石結構，但其實是使用木頭和灰泥塗層建造的。同樣，校舍正門上方的裝飾也不同尋常，是一條龍與兩位小天使的組合。

繼舊開智學校校舍之後，立石清重還監造了當地多處設施，曾經位於松本城二級區域「二之丸」內的舊松本裁判所就是其中一例。

明治時代的教育

日本的教育制度在19世紀晚期經歷了諸多變革。江戶時代（1603-1867）的教育主要是對儒學和中國其他典籍的學習，涉及閱讀、書寫和算術領域。進入明治時代後，新的教育體系轉而參考西方國家的課程，除了讀、寫能力與算數之外，還注重技術與科學的學習。此時的開智學校是縣內唯一將「英學」（英語系國家的語言與文化）設為主科的學校。

開智學校開校時共招收學生1051名。在1870年代，日本全國適齡兒童的平均入學率只有30%左右，而開智學校這一比例卻接近60%。當時的縣長永山盛輝（1826-1902）熱心教育事業，他的熱情似乎也感染了松本的居民。隨著學生人數不斷擴大，開智學校很快便開始設立分校。各地分校的學生同為「開智學校」的一份子，學習同樣的課程，奉行同樣的校規與校訓。其中，男生部的校訓為「愛、正、剛」（熱愛、公正、剛毅）。

從學校到博物館

至1963年，開智學校一直是一所小學。無奈再三氾濫的女鳥羽川不斷侵害校舍建築，終於，人們決定建造一座新的校舍。1961年，老校舍被指定為國家重要文化財產，隨後於1964年遷至現址。如今，舊開智學校校舍作為博物館對公眾開放，主要展示日本近現代的教育發展史，展品包括課本和教室用具等。

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欢迎来到旧开智学校校舍

旧开智学校校舍是典型的“拟洋风”建筑，这种建筑风格曾风行于19世纪70年代。校舍如今作为博物馆对外开放，当年是日本最早的公立小学之一。2019年，旧开智学校校舍成为进入明治时代(1868-1912)以后的第一座、也是唯一一座被指定为国宝的近代学校建筑。

开智学校的创立

1868年明治维新之后，日本摒弃了持续近250年的闭关锁国政策。作为“文明开化”旗号下现代化运动的一部分，政府开始引进西方的概念与科技。来自西方的影响极大地改变了日本社会的日常生活，短短几年内，国家便制定并通过了宪法，建立了公共教育体系，马车、照相机和洋装随处可见。

就在这种种社会变革之中，“筑摩县学”于1872年创立，次年改名“开智学校”。学校原本在女鸟羽川岸边一座废寺内授课。然而，本地居民渴望建造一所符合全新现代教学内容的新校舍。

当时，中央政府几乎拨不出新建教育设施的经费，建校资金只能由各地自行筹措。最终，本地居民捐款筹措起了新校舍70%的建造费用，另外30%则通过售卖从附近废寺里拆下的木材等其他方式筹集而成。

立石清重与拟洋风建筑

开智学校新校舍的设计任务落到了立石清重(1829-1894)肩上。这位出生于松本市的木工大师不仅工匠技艺高超，对于西方建筑的求知欲也十分强烈。

动工之前，立石清重多次前往东京和横滨，研习当时最新建成的西式建筑。如今设在旧开智学校校舍中的博物馆里藏有200余册立石清重的笔记，其中记满了他绘制的旅行途中所见建筑的草图、图纸和分析心得。

在19世纪70年代，开智学校校舍开启了拟洋风建筑先河。打开国门后，来自西方的建筑照片与图稿开始传入日本，但有关实际建筑技术方面的知识依旧匮乏。尽管如此，只接受过传统木工工艺训练的日本工匠们还是设法活用熟悉的技艺，努力仿造出了西方建筑的外观。

这样建成的建筑是西方元素与日本技法的奇妙结合体，旧开智学校校舍正体现了这种独特风格。校舍正墙看似是砖石所砌，但它其实是使用木头和灰泥涂层建造的。校舍正门上方的装饰也是如此，为一条龙与两位小天使的奇特组合。

继旧开智学校校舍之后，立石清重还督造了本地区多处设施，曾经位于松本城二级区域“二之丸”内的旧松本裁判所就是其中一例。

明治时代的教育

日本的教育制度在19世纪晚期经历了诸多变革。江户时代(1603-1867)的教育是通过儒学等中国古典之作来教导阅读、书写和算术等基础知识。进入明治时代后，新的教育体系转而参考西方国家的课程，除了读、写能力与算数之外，还注重技术与科学的学习。此时的开智学校是县内唯一将“英学”（英语文化圈的语言与文化）设为主科的学校。

开智学校开校时共招收学生1051名。在19世纪70年代，日本全国适龄儿童的平均入学率只有30%左右，而开智学校的这一比例却接近60%。当时的县长永山盛辉(1826-1902)热心教育事业，这份热情似乎也感染了松本的居民。随着学生人数不断扩大，开智学校很快便开始设立分校。各地分校的学生同为“开智学校”的一份子，学习同样的课程，奉行同样的校规与校训。其中，男生部的校训为“爱、正、刚”（热爱、公正、刚毅）。

从学校到博物馆

至1963年，开智学校一直是一所小学。无奈再三泛滥的女鸟羽川不断侵害校舍建筑，终于，人们决定建造一座新的校舍。1961年，老校舍被指定为国家重要文化财产，随后于1964年迁至现址。如今，旧开智学校校舍作为博物馆对公众开放，主要展示日本近现代的教育发展史，展品包括课本和教室用具等。

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