Sorting and Grading the Steel
Smashing apart and sorting the kera is an arduous process. Once cooled, the kera is hauled to a separate workshop, where it is smashed apart with a drop hammer. In ironworks of the past, the drop hammer was lifted using a waterwheel-powered system, but the machine at Nittōho Tatara is electric. This procedure is then repeated using a smaller drop hammer, producing chunks that can be handled by a single worker. At this stage, the chunks are sorted according to quality, which is determined largely by carbon content and physical structure.
Nittōho Tatara’s mission is to produce tamahagane steel, which is treasured by swordsmiths for its strength and ductility. Tamahagane is graded according to its carbon content and fracture surface (the appearance of a cross section of the metal). The difference in fracture surface can be seen by comparing the microscopic images on the panel. The rougher fracture surface of third-grade steel (third image from the left) is evident in the distinct white bands that are absent in second-grade steel (second image) and first-grade steel (first image).
Grades of Tamahagane Steel
Grade
|
Carbon content
|
Fracture surface
|
First-grade steel
|
Approx. 1.2%
|
Homogeneous
|
Second-grade steel
|
0.8–1.5%
|
Heterogeneous
|
Third-grade steel
|
0.2–1.0%
|
Rough
|